Topic: Trafficking in women and        children

Vocabulary notes:

 

traffic  n trafficking	[’træfik]	незаконна торгівля
Beijing	[,bei’ʤin]	Пекін
purpose  n	[’pə:pəs]	ціль
target  n	[’ta:git]	1.об'єкт, предмет;    2.ціль
marginalization n	[,ma:ʤinəlai’zeiʃn]	ізоляція, відособленість
predominance  n	[pri’dɔminəns]	перевага
invisible   a	[in’vizəbl]	невидимий
impoverished  a	[im’pɔv(ə)riʃt]	бідний, убогий
income  n	[’nkəm]	заробіток, дохід
household  n	[’haushould]	родина, домочадці
rural  a	[’ruər(ə)l]	сільський
slums  n	[’slʌmz]	трущоби
petty   a	[’peti]	дрібний, незначний
scavenger  n	[’skævin(d)ʒə]	сміттяр,         прибиральник сміття
minority   n	[mai’nɔriti]	меншість
indigenous а	[in’diʤinəs]	тубільний,   місцевий
refugee  n	[,refju(:)’ʤI:]	біженець;   емігрант
illiterate  a	[і’lit(ə)rit]	безграмотний
support   v	[sə’pɔ:t]	підтримувати;   сприяти
lack    v	[læk]	бракувати,  бути відсутнім
awareness   n	[ə’wɛənis]	знання;  поінформованість
redress   n	[ri’dres]	відшкодування;      сатисфакція
foster   v	[’fɔstə]	сприяти; заохочувати
temporary   a	[’temp(ə)rəri]	тимчасовий
perception    n	[pə’sepʃn]	1.cприйняття; 2.усвідомлення
disparity   n	[dis’pæriti]	різниця,   нерівність
pursuit    n	[pə’sju:t]	1. переслідування; 2. домагання
consumerism    n	[kən’sju:mə,rizm]	захист інтересів споживачів
return (s)  n	[ri:’tə:n]	прибуток
penalize   v	[’pi:nəlaiz]	карати
law enforcer	[’lɔ:  in’fɔ:sə]	1.співробітник правоохоронного органу;  2. амер. поліцейський
transhipment   n	[træn’ʃipmənt]	1.перевантаження; 2. пересадка (з одного судна на інше)
procurer   n	[prə’kjuərə]	постачальник; звідник
broker    n	[’broukə]	посередник; агент
intermediary   n	[,intə’mi:djəri]	посередник
enlist   v	[in’list]	(тут) заручатися допомогою
unscrupulous   a	[ʌn’skru:pjuləs]	несумлінний
deceit    n	[di’si:t]	1. обман; 2. виверт
debt     n	[det]	борг,  зобов'язання
bondage    n	[’bɔndiʤ]	1.рабство; 2.залежність,  кабала
incentive    n	[in’sentiv]	стимул,   спонукання
arrangement   n	[ə’reinʤmənt]	домовленість,   угода
bond    v	[bɔnd]	закабалити
slavery    n	[’sleivəri]	рабство
will      n	[wil]	воля
brothel     n	[brɔθl]	публічний дім, дім розпусти
clandestine   a	[klæn’destin]	нелегальний
sharing	[’ʃɛəriŋ]	(тут) надання (інформації)
compatibility   n	[kəm,pætə’biliti]	сумісність,  сполучуваність

TRAFFICKING IN WOMEN AND CHILDREN

Concept of Trafficking

The definition of trafficking and the exploitation and prostitution of others is set out in articles 1 and 2 of the 1949 Convention for the Suppression on the Traffic in Persons and of the Exploitation of the Prostitution of Others. The Convention refers to action at both the national and international levels. Since 1949, the concept of trafficking has been extended to include trafficking for the purpose of other forms of exploitation of women. This wider view of trafficking is reflected in the Beijing Declaration and for Action, which also includes marriages and forced labour within the concept.

Who are trafficked?

• Women and children are the key target group, because of their marginalization, limited economic resources and predominance in the “invisible” formal sector.
• People from impoverished and low income households in rural areas and urban slums, especially women engaged in small farming, petty trading, as scavengers and in other low status work and services.
• Ethnic minorities, indigenous people, hill tribes, refugees, and illegal migrants.
• People with low level of education, a few years of formal schooling, some primary school education, or illiterate.
• Young girls running away from home, or girls from families that expect their daughters to financially contribute to their support are easy targets for traffickers.
• People who lack awareness of their legal rights, their exploited situation, and have no channel for seeking redress.

 

Why trafficking?

Both supply and demand factors foster the growing trafficking industry:

    

Deceit
Unscrupulous agents deceive parents, lure women and girls with false promises of well-paid work in cities or marriages to rich partners.
Debt bondage
Economic incentives to parents and arrangements which bond children and young women into sex-slavery or other exploitative forms of labour, though details of these debt terms are ill defined.
 Kidnapping
Criminal gangs or middlemen kidnap women and children, force them to work against their will, and often sell them to brothels.
Falsification of documents
False documents and passports make it difficult to identify and trace trafficked persons.
Bribes
Bribes are commonly paid to various officials or police to procure false documents, or at border crossings.

* * *
Trafficking in human beings could be likened to a form of slavery. It turns large numbers of defenceless victims into a socially excluded and extremely vulnerable clandestine population. This criminal activity is dealt with organized crime and gives huge profits for traffickers estimated at some USD 30 thousand million a year. It represents the third largest source of profits for criminal organizations behind the traffic in weapons and drug trafficking.
The only solution to put a stop to such criminal practices is international one. There have to be greater sharing of information, the compatibility between national laws, international police and judicial cooperation, and corresponding agreements should be concluded.

 

EXERCISES

 Ex. 1. Translate the following terms into Ukrainian:

Forced labour, huge profits, employer, poverty, income, supply, trafficking, slavery, support, pursuit, illiterate, disparity, penalize, traffic in weapons, refugee, rural areas, clandestine, compatibility, intermediary, lucrative business.

Ex. 2. Match the English and the Ukrainian equivalents:

cheap labour	роботодавець
increased demand	бідні сім’ї
labour market	торгівля людьми
indigenous people	дешева праця
impoverished households	нелегали
economic disparities	прибутковий бізнес
clandestine population	ринок праці
employer	зростаючий попит
lucrative business	економічна  нерівність
trafficking in human beings	тубільці

Ex. 3. Write out the synonyms of the following words from the text:

decision	illegal
arms	increase
trade	poor

 

 

 Ex. 4. Choose the antonyms from the box:

returns	punish
work	intermediary

rural	forced
temporary	lucrative
employer	poverty
minority	low
literate	defenceless

 

Ex. 5. Give the wordfamilies of the following words:

to exclude (виключити)	exclusion (виключення, виняток)
	exclusive (виключний, особливий)
	exclusively (виключно)
	exclusiveness (винятковість)

to employ	to force
to defend	to consume

Ex. 6. Encircle the prefixes and suffixes and translate the following words:
defenceless, financial, enforcement, illiterate, trafficker, information, invisible, entertainment, consumerism, extremely, employer.

Ex. 7. Group the following words and word combinations into 3 logical groups:
poverty, cheap labour, women and children, refugees, temporary migrant workers, impoverished households, international migration, entertainment spheres, transnational crime, civil and military conflicts, ethnic minorities, economic disparities, sex industry.

1	2	3

Ex. 8. Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian:

1. The international community first denounced trafficking in the Trafficking Convention, which was approved by the General Assembly of the United nations.
2. International migration of women into the labour market provides increased opportunities and channels for trafficking.
3. Erosion of traditional family values encourage the sale of women and children.
4. Unscrupulous agents deceive parents, lure women and girls with false promises of  well-paid work in cities or marriages to rich partners.
5. Weak law enforcement mechanisms and measures to penalize offenders encourage trafficking.
6. Government agencies and (Non-Governmental Organisations) NGOs, together with the international community have adopted a variety of strategies to combat trafficking in women and children.

Ex. 9. Complete the sentences and translate them:

1. False documents and passports make it difficult…	against their will and often sold to brothels.
2. Trafficking in human beings gives …	fraud, bribes, abduction, forgery etc.
3. People from impoverished households in rural areas and urban slums are …	increased opportunities and channels for trafficking.
4. Women and children are forced to work …	to identify and trace trafficked persons.
5. International migration of women into labour market provides …	easy targets for traffickers.
6. Numerous illegal activities associated with the traffic are: …	huge profits for traffickers.

Ex. 10. Write out the English equivalents from the text:

- родини з низьким  доходом	- карати злочинців
- економічна нерівність	- беззахисні жертви
- прибутковий бізнес	- джерело прибутку
- дешева праця	- міські трущоби
- торгівля людьми	- етнічні меншини

Ex. 11. Complete the following sentences with the words from the box:

  

 

1. Young women and girls are forced into sex industry by poverty and a lack of alternative … .
2. The increasing ease and frequency of international travel, together with the growing phenomenon of … for work, has increased the opportunities for … .
3. … and passports make it difficult to identify and trace trafficked persons.
4. Trafficking in human beings could be likened to a form of … .
5. Traffic represents the third largest … for criminal organisations.
6. There have to be the … between national laws.

 

Ex. 12. Find the answers in the text:

1. Where is the definition of trafficking and the exploitation of others set out?
2. Who is usually trafficked?
3. Why are women and children the key target for traffickers?
4. What factors foster the growing trafficking industry?
5. What are demand factors?
6. What is the main aim of demand side?
7. What are the major factors of supply side?
8. What trafficking mechanisms and techniques are used by traffickers?
9. What illegal activities is the traffic associated with?
10. Trafficking in human beings is very profitable, isn’t it? Give your reasons.
11. What should be done to put a stop to such criminal practices?

 

Ex. 13. Translate into English:
1. Торгівля людьми є одним з видів організованої злочинності.
2. Ця злочинна діяльність приносить величезні прибутки торговцям живим товаром.
3. Дискримінація прав у соціальній структурі суспільства робить жінок і дітей основним предметом торгівлі.
4. Економічна нерівність між країнами, міжнаціональні і військові конфлікти сприяють розвитку нелегальної міграції. 5. Торгівля людьми пов'язана з такими протизаконними діями як обман, викрадення, шахрайство, підробка документів, хабарництво.
6. Фальшиві документи і паспорти роблять неможливим упізнання і пошуки жертв цієї торгівлі.
7. Щоб покінчити з цією злочинною діяльністю необхідні спільні зусилля всіх держав.

Ex. 14. Read the text and review it:

    Trafficking in the Balkans remains a significant problem, affecting a growing number of women and children. lack of adequate data partly reflects the low priority many governments give to trafficking; a phenomenon made worse by inadequate legislation and rampant corruption, which hinders the prosecution of perpetrators and their associates.
        It is estimated that some 120,000 women and children are trafficked every year into Western Europe, including women and children from Africa, South America and Asia.
        The Balkans cannot be viewed as a homogeneous region. Whilst Kosovo and Bosnia-Herzegovina remain destination countries; Albania, Bulgaria, Moldova, and Romania sending countries, each has become, to varying degrees, a country of origin, transit and/or destination.
        The largest groups of women trafficked to Western Europe through and from the Balkans are Moldovan, who are primarily trafficked to Kosovo and Bosnia-Herzegovina. Albanian women are mostly trafficked to Italy but also to Belgium, Greece and to a lesser extent to the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. Bulgarian and Romanian women are mainly trafficked to Greece, Italy and Austria. Ukrainian women usually transit through Hungary and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia before being taken to Kosovo and Bosnia-Herzegovina. Some victims are then re-trafficked via Albania to Italy and to other countries in Western Europe.
        The Balkans will remain an important transit region between Eastern and Western Europe because conflicts have led to a breakdown of social, political and legal structures, a situation, which continues to give traffickers significant freedom to operate.
compatible and appropriate legislation should be adopted and implemented to effectively counter trafficking. Protection and assistance mechanisms for victims of trafficking should also be developed and/or strengthened. Prevention through socio-economic support and awareness-raising activities is also an effective way to combat trafficking.

Trafficking mechanisms and techniques

    Women and children are generally recruited from rural areas or small towns. In the transhipment process they are handed over and taken over by numerous procurers, brokers and intermediaries, usually not known to authorities as ones with criminal records.
Local contacts
        Traffickers enlist the help of local persons and villagers to identify vulnerable families. Traffickers operate in an organized network having their agents make contacts with unsuspecting women and children around bus and train stations.
Direct sales
        Women and children are sold to traffickers by parents. Traffickers sell young girls to brokers across borders in Asian countries for one or two thousand dollars (per child or young woman) or more.

 

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